Public meeting paper (about Urban Planning) Essay

Public meeting paper (about Urban Planning) - Essay Example One of the council members, Kolby Glanville, wanted to make a statement even before the motion for the minutes was moved. The mayor had to disrupt him to let the first motion carry on. The council member could have waited to make a statement for the sake of order in the house. His argument was, however, valid as the rest of the people in attendance were in favor of him carrying on with his statement (Clerk A1). The Councilmember was requesting the approval of minutes A1 and A4 of the previous meeting as there would be difficulty in moving all the other motions at the same time. Several people with construction and engineering companies participated in the meeting. Wilson Engineering had a senior member of the company attend the meeting to talk and defend themselves against the extension of their tender. I did not expect any member of a company to come attend the meeting hence surprised. The city council encouraged all people to attend the meetings as a way of sharing opinions on how to make the city grow and improve on its infrastructural development. Other companies also had their CEOs in attendance, and it was such a pleasure to be attending the same meeting with the people. Most of the CEOs had to leave the meeting as soon as their matter was addressed probably because of the busy schedules. Persons with disabilities have a special place for them to sit according to their disabilities. Many disabled people attended the meeting. They were more than I expected to attend. The disabled are highly encouraged to attend public meetings and address any issue of the city they have. Journalists were also present at the councils session from different media houses. The Mayor would give the public to raise any issue they had or a project they would like to carry out for the city. One of the public speakers was a lady who got the chance to talk about after school programs and adopting a resolution towards its development. The lady was allowed to speak,

Federal Poverty Lines Essay Example for Free

Federal Poverty Lines Essay The common issue concerning the annual Federal poverty levels that are universal for all the lower forth eight states are that the poverty level measures are limited. In other words, the poverty thresholds doesn’t represent a budget for basic necessities of life nor it addresses the supplementary amount   to allow for other basic needs such as household supplies, person care, etc(Madden, 182). Also, the federal poverty lines by family size do not use consumer expenditure data and it is not updates. It is not adjusted by family types and geographical differences in housing concepts. Problems with Absolute Federal Poverty Level Absolute federal poverty level is enumerates the numeral value of people below poverty threshold which does not depend on time and place (Madden, 183). In other words, it is constant. It is incorrect to calculate absolute federal poverty level because it is only possible because the amount of wealth essential for survival is not constant for all places and time periods.   For example, a person living Alaska requires more sources of heat because of its cold climate whereas a person living in Hawaii does not. As compared to absolute federal poverty level, relative poverty level is dependent on time and place (Madden, 183). Poverty Levels, Family Size and Cost of Living The federal government does not raise the poverty levels by family size to reflect the cost of living of a geographic area because the poverty threshold level varies from one place to another. The current poverty levels by family size are measured by comparing the individual’s family income to the essential amount necessary for standard of living (Rogers, 85). It has been used as the primary statistic by the U.S federal government to allocate mean-tested social welfare benefits. Expenses in NYC versus Other States New York City is considered to be the most expensive cities to live in. New York remains the most expensive city within United States. According to statistics, the median earnings of New York are more that sixty thousand dollars which is ten thousand dollars greater than the national median. The overall average living expenses in New York are more than one hundred and ninety dollars (Rogers, 185). Housing expenses are more than three hundred thousand dollars and secondary education is more than two thousand dollars as compared to the nation average. Other facilities are also expensive as compared to other states. For example, a person living in Pittsburg who earns fifty thousand dollars will need one hundred thousands dollars to survive in New York. Over all, living expenses in New York is twice as much as compared to other states. Juvenilization and Feminization of Poverty Juvenilization of poverty is has been derived from the word juvenile and poverty. Poverty is defined as the scarcity and deficiency assets, income, capabilities or freedoms. Juvenilization is associated with children. Hence, juvenilization of poverty means that children are deprived of basic necessities of life. According to statistics, one out of six children in United States suffers from poverty. Studies also show that more than thirty percent of children are living below poverty line although they make up more than twenty eight percent of the population. The term feminization of poverty has been originated from the definition of two words which are poverty and feminization. Feminization is the term which illustrates that gender partiality and bias in deprivation of resources, capabilities or freedoms. Hence, feminization of poverty is considered to be a concept which compares male and female and what are the differences or ratios between the two in terms of poverty levels. It represents the inability of women to meet the basic necessities of life. Personal Costs of Poverty and Problems with Federal Approach towards Poverty According to the data collected the U.S Census Bureau, the personal costs of poverty on family and children of four is $22,050 per year and for family of eight is $37010 per year and for every additional personal $ 3740 is added (Madden, 196). There are certain sets of specific policies and programs which are flawed because they cannot fight poverty. Aid to Families with Dependent Children has provided families with cash assistance but it comprises about one percent of the federal budget. AFDC polices have serious weaknesses which makes the poverty rate higher as compared to other countries. The weaknesses in the current policies can be classified into two broad categories namely, inadequate livable wage jobs and inadequate social welfare policies. The AFDC policies do not have policies which guarantee childcare for families who are living below two hundred percent of poverty. It doesn’t have policies which assist child support and low incoming individuals. Other problems include lack of workforce education and training programs, benefits and inadequate job policies. Social Work and Poverty and Modifications in Federal Policies As a social worker, I will apply my social work training in system to understand the nature of poverty and its origin. As a social worker, poverty must be combated at macro level so that poor families can afford childcare, housing, mental health treatment and education and employment opportunities (Rogers, 221). On broader scale, the first thing to help poor families would be through community organizing in poor neighborhoods. This can help in organizing the community’s asset and combine them with other resources to create and set up local structure which assist health, education and financial viability. This will empower the community residents to be active and support local initiatives. In order to reduce poverty, the federal government should recognize and produce measures to tackle issues of well being beyond the income status. The federal government should introduce a guarantee for child care for families living at or below two hundred percent of poverty in order to improve the quality of child care. It should also assist child support and fathers who have low incomes. In order to remove the future generation from poverty, the federal government should increase child support programs and adopt pragmatic policies for low income families. At the same time, workforce education and training programs should be introduced to assist low-income individuals to advance economically. The government should also improve job quality with the help of earnings, benefits and other predictable measures so that workers can meet both work and family responsibilities. Work Cited Madden, David. RELATIVE OR ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINES: A NEW APPROACH. Review of Income Wealth 46 (June 2009): 181-199.   Rogers, Harrell, R.. American Poverty in a New Era of Reform. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., (2006).

Proton Utilized Its Technology Marketing Essay

Proton Utilized Its Technology Marketing Essay Proton Holding Berhad or well known as Proton, a Malay acronym of Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional is the first Malaysian automobile manufacturer which has headquartered at Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Proton is founded under idea of former Malaysia Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed in 1983 to manufacture, assemble and sell automobile vehicles and related products such as spare parts, accessories and other components. After two years of incorporated, Proton has produced its and Malaysias first car, the Proton Saga with technology and parts assistant of its shareholders cum technical assistant partner and supplier, Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and has been launched by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed by 9th July 1985.Just around three and half years after launch of Proton Saga, it has achieved 100,000 units produced in January of 1989 and by 1988, Proton has successfully grabbed 73 percent of passenger car market in Malaysia. Beside Malaysia market, Proton Sag a is the first model of Proton to enter international market such as United Kingdom. With technology support from Mitsubishi, Proton continued to develop new models for both local and oversea markets. After this successful of Proton Saga, Proton launched second car named Proton Wira which based on Mitsubishi Lancer platform and technology during 1993. Between 1996 and 1998, more than 220,000 units of Proton Wira were sold. The third model which relied on Mitsubishi technology is Proton Perdana that based on Mitsubishi Eterna was launched during 1995 for higher end market. The next Protons car which relied on Mitsubishi technology and platform is Proton Waja or as known as Proton Impian in UK which launched during 2001 and it is first car was designed internally by Proton itself. After the acquisition of Lotus, a United Kingdom car manufacturer in 1996. Proton utilized its technology and engineering in helping it develops several new models to replace its old models. In 2004, with technology and engineering of Lotus, Proton developed its own engine called Campro which using by its first replacement model called Proton Gen-2. In 2007, Proton comes out with second replacement model called Proton Persona, a sedan model of Proton Gen-2 which both to replace Proton Wira. By 18 January 2008, after more than 20 years of Proton Saga being launched, Proton launched its replacement model of Proton Saga. By 2010, Proton once again has entered into talks with Mitsubishi Motors which is going successfully and led to another replacement model being produced, Proton Inspira which based on platform and technology from Mitsubishi latest generation Lancer is replacement model for Proton Waja. The common strategy which applied into major modern businesses today is the marketing mix as known as 4Ps is contains four major groups, product, price, place and promotion. Kotler P., Armstrong G., Saunders J. Wong V. (1999) defined marketing mix as a set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. It helps the firm to influence its targeted markets consumer buying behavior which leads to achieve its marketing objectives. Consumer buying behavior is defined by Schiffman, K. and Wisenblit (2010), as a the processes and behavioral that consumer display in search, select, purchase, use, evaluate, secure and dispose of products and services that suffice their gratification corresponding to their expectation. According to Kotler P. (2002), a consumers buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. While consumer in buying decision making, there are some factors affecting them . Its vital for a firm to understand the factors that influencing the consumer purchasing decisions in order to effectively utilize the marketing mix tools as consumer stimuli and lead to marketing objectives achieve. In SPR (Stimulus, Process, Response) model by Svend H. (2010) (refer appendix A), marketing mix is one of the important elements in stimulate consumer buying behavior. In Proton, the marketing mix has been adopted as most of the businesses in the world did. Proton has been adopting Mitsubishi and Lotus technology in producing and including in its products as a part of product strategy to improve consumer confidence toward Protons products. In price strategy, Proton offering affordable price for mid-low income level consumer which lead to major sales of Protons products, for example, Proton Saga. Proton is selling its products locally and globally. For both targeted market, showrooms and service centrals have been set up at main cities for conveniences of consumers to obtain Protons products and services after sales. Especially for local market, large number of showrooms and service centrals has been set up in cities and towns of each state. In promotion strategies, there is numerous methods by Proton to promote its products such as showrooms sales person, mainstream media advertising, outdoor promotion events, internet advertising, participating in world class motorsport and so on. 1.2 Problems Statements According to the announcement made by Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 23rd AFTA Council Meeting, in order to promote greater economic efficiency, productivity and competitiveness, Malaysia will be a complete free trade area effective from 1st January 2010, with the elimination of duties on over 2,000 tariff lines (Choy J.Y and Ng C.S (2011) cited Palaniappan (2009)). The elimination of the trade barriers will significantly increase the competitiveness of Malaysia automotive industry as the price of import cars from ASEAN Free Trade Area, AFTA member countries will be significantly decrease as well. Other than the challenges brought by the possible import car price cut down, the emerging of China and India automotive manufacturer yet possibly double the challenges in Malaysia auto market. This will be great challenges toward automotive manufacturers and dealers in Malaysia especially local manufacturers. Thus, local car manufacturer or dealer in Malaysia must have suff icient preparations to face the upcoming challenges. Although Proton has granted with returning of Mitsubishi technology in developing new replacement models in order to increase its competitive advantages to face future challenges within Malaysia automotive industry. However, it is crucial for Proton to understand what are the factors that affecting consumer buying behavior while purchasing Proton car. Its important for Proton to determine is its product factors are competitive enough to compete in future challenging domestic auto market, Is the car price of the Proton is main factor? Is the quality of Proton car is main factor? 1.3 Research Questions Does the performance of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the price of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the after purchased risk of the Proton car is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the quality of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? 1.4 research Objectives The main objective of the research is to study the factors affecting purchasing decisions toward Proton latest product. Specifically objectives: To determine the association between product performance and buying decision. To determine the association between product price and buying decision. To determine the association between product risk and buying decision. To determine the association between product quality and buying decision. 1.5 Research Significances This research is being conducted in order to provide an understanding to local car manufacturer, Proton about the consumer buying behavior which is one of the key elements in Proton marketing strategies. Its very crucial for Proton to take this understanding into account as it helps to understand better factors affecting consumer buying decisions and this also will helps Proton to examine if their current strategies which alliance with Mitsubishi in developing new car model is working well in attracting consumer. The determination of the factors which affecting the consumer purchasing decision in this study also will help Proton to develop best strategies in future competitive environments especially the implementation of AFTA policy. Other than this, through this study, Proton would able to identify its products attracting which types of consumer in making purchase. By knowing its consumer, Proton will be able offer the best product that market want and need. Its important for Proto n to face the future challenges in Malaysia automotive industry. Other than Proton itself, this study would be useful information for marketing researcher, student in their future research about consumer behavior on purchasing automotive products or automotive market related study.

The Teaching Profession Essays -- Teacher Education

I am a teacher, an educator of our youth. I am amongst the thousands of educators that facilitate the learning process to children ages five to eighteen. Along with my peers, I guide, mentor, inform, inspire, encourage, and provide many opportunities that allow our youth to learn for themselves. We do not just read from books or give exams, we interact with each student, building a relationship so we may help create well-rounded learners so they may be able to reach their full potential and surpass their goals. As a teacher, we know how to intervene, provide positive reinforcement, and allow students to make mistakes so they may try for themselves and build confidence within themselves and reap the fruits of achievement. When a student achieves, we all achieve. A true educator teaches as a way of life rather than teach to live. Teachers are always learning and wanting to gain more knowledge to pass along to their students. As a teacher, I must have a belief system that guides my actions as an educator. 1. I believe than education is the most single important aspect in a person’s life. As a teacher, we are the life source of discovery and knowledge. It is our duty to nurture each individual student by allowing him or her to excel not only intellectually but also developmentally, emotionally, physically and socially. 2. I believe that all students should be treated equal regardless of any special needs. 3. I believe my classroom will be an accessible and safe environment that fosters respect, trust, dignity and participation that allows students to learn. 4. I believe that my curriculum should and will be adjusted, so that all of my students may be able to compete on an equal level. 5. I believe that if I demonstrate a pos... ...es Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/account/cornerstones/ny.pdf Douglas Davis. (2007). A Quality Education? Journal of Philosophy and History of Education, 57, 18-25. Office of Educational Management - NYSED: Contracts for Excellence: Model Programs. (2010). Ed Management Services. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http://www.p12.nysed.gov/mgtserv/C4E/htm/ModelPrgmsforLEP-ELLs8-08.html Taylor, J., Stecher, B., O'Day, J., Naftal, S., & Carlson Le Floch, K. (2010). State and Local Implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (No. Volume IX) (pp. 1-294). U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/disadv/nclb-accountability/nclb-accountability-final.doc

Industrial relations in European Union

The European Economic Council ( EEC ) which is now known as the European Union was established in the mid twentieth century as a consequence of the Treaty of Rome. It was set up after the World War II and it seeks to guarantee peace and betterment among member provinces. The European Union has some establishments that help in the transporting out its maps. These establishments include the Parliament, Council, Commission, Court of Justice and Central Bank. The European Union comprises of 27 member provinces which include Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands at its beginning in 1951. United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland besides joined in 1973 because of the success of the European Economic Commission. Other states to fall in were Greece ( 1981 ) , Spain and Portugal ( 1986 ) , Austria, Sweden and Finland ( 1995 ) . Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta besides joined in 2004 while Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 ( EUROPA, 2009 ) . European integrating sought to better trade and investing every bit good as remove people barriers among its member provinces ( Hall and Marginson, 2005 ) . Each member province has ballots for the Council and seats in the European Parliament depending on its size. Since the 1980s, the European Union ‘s determination devising procedure has become a multi-level one which involves the different stakeholders on the determinations to be made ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . Multi-level administration believes that the province does non hold full control over regional degree policy devising. Decision devising is jointly made by histrions at different degrees in the supra-national establishments ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . This paper seeks to look into the European Union to see how it patterns multi-level administration looking at its methods of operation, and its establishment like the European Commission and the European Works Councils. It besides looks at the European Union to see what occurred before multi-level administration and the different types of multi-level administration. Before the coming of multi-level administration, the European Union was said to be based on state-centric administration which believes that European integrating does non restrict but instead strengthens the power of each member province ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . It is believed that since the integrating is driven by dickering among member provinces, no authorities is forced to make more than it wishes because dickering provides the lowest benchmark of operation. They see national authoritiess as autonomous determination shapers giving small authorization to the European Union to accomplish policy ends. Member provinces are seen as the bench because they determine whether or non the policies decided upon are implemented in the provinces. Multi-level administration is nevertheless, now seen as prevalent in the European Union in the sense that the Union ensures that authorization and decision-making are shared among the â€Å" sub-national, national and supra-national † degre es of authorities with the parts being the sub-national, the provinces the national and the European Union being the supranational degrees of authorities ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . Bache ( 2008 ) besides sees multi-level administration as an emerging tendency which was made to counter the state-centric position of the European Union between the 1960s and the eightiess. He stated that multi-level administration does non contend the major function of the authorities in member provinces in the decision- devising of the European Union but instead sees them as the most of import. In 2004, Bache and Flinders stated that there are two major types of multilevel administration, the Type I and the Type II. The foundation of the type I multi-level administration is seen to be federalism where the powers for decision-making are shared among the different stakeholders with power apportioned in hierarchal order – the parts holding less power than the state province, the state province ho lding less power than the Union and the European Union holding the highest signifier of authorization. They besides believe that the country of control of the parties involved does non overlap. Type I multi-level administration besides wants to cover all the facets of the European Union rank understanding. Type II multi-level administration on the other manus, sees the function of members as inter-related and inter-dependent. There is no hierarchy to legal power as it assumes that authorization is about equally shared between the Union and its members. The design is flexible because the understanding is seen to cover merely specific parts of the Union ‘s understanding and non in item, all facets of rank. Each degree of legal power has peculiar undertakings assigned to it ( Bache and Flinders, 2004 ) . The European Union is hence seen to rehearse type II multi-level administration because it is believed that no 1 has absolute power, but determinations are made with all members come together to dialogue ( Bache, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Samecki, European Union coherence policy is based on different degrees of partnership affecting the Union, its member provinces and the parts. The policy considers different fortunes and develops schemes that will enable the policy to work better and more efficaciously in each district. The Lisbon Treaty seeks regional and local co-operation among the Union ‘s member provinces. Bachtler and Yuill ( 2001 ) stated that since the origin of the Union, the focal point of its regional policies has been a narrow one aimed at commanding economic activities through industrial ordinances. Business AIDSs and substructure were the signifiers of aid provided by the Union and the criterion of operation was top-to-bottom. Decisions that concerned policies such as design and bringing were taken by the cardinal authorities. Demand was what drove the policies and made them proactive. By the 1980s, the policy focal point was changed and placed accent on liberalization, deregulating and denationalization of markets. Regional brotherhood was encouraged in order to cut down economic disparities. There was a displacement from the top-to-bottom attack to the bottom-to-top ( soft touch ) as member provinces could develop and implement their policies to cover with turning economic affairs. From the mid-1980s, regional growing was seen to be caused by betterment in originality which was through acquisition and interaction. Trade, labor and capital barriers were besides removed and Foreign Direct Investment was apparent. By 1988, regional strategic planning was seen, with each part fixing its program and later showing same to the European Union. These programs were carried out through local and regional partnerships ( Bachtler and Yuill, 2001 ) . Local and regional partnerships could besides be said to intend multi-level administration. Multi-level administration strengthens the democratic dimension of the European Union and increases the competency of its procedures. The Committee of Regions in the European Union considers multi-level administration to intend coordinated action. The focal point on administration in the European Union includes the rule of flexibleness and legitimacy. The image of the European Union encompasses its member provinces as there is truly no difference between national, regional ( European Union ) and international alteration drivers ( Kohler-Koch cited in Bache 2008 ) . The European Union takes off the power of liberty from the province by leting corporate decision-making among province authoritiess through assorted European establishments ( Hooghe and Marks, 2001 ) . Vertical associations in the European Union, chiefly in Britain were seen in the Restoration of the English grade between 1987 and 1997 ( Bache, 2008 ) . In these times, structural financess constricted the â€Å" standard parts † as the official boundaries for the English regional dimension through the incorporate Government Offices ( GOs ) . Horizontal multi-level administration besides deals with corporate decision-making among member provinces and it besides encourages partnership as a manner of administration by supplying fiscal inducements for major histrions. The European Union ‘s policy coherence has mobilised stakeholders by supplying information every bit good as act uponing processs below the regional degree bring forthing a perpendicular consequence that streng thens the regional degree by supplying regional control ( Bache, 2008 ) . The European Commission has used different schemes to advance the coherence policy although these policies themselves do non alter in signifier ( Bache, 2008 ) . The European Commission is the civil service or administrative organic structure of the European Union. It is the decision-making arm of the Union and its place is in Brussels. The Commission is responsible for guaranting that the involvement of the Union is put above the involvement of single member provinces. It encourages societal spouses ‘ engagement in policy development. In 2006, the European Commission wanted to cut down unemployment among its member provinces every bit good as surrogate growing. This determination was made with peculiar focal point on research and development and to guarantee best patterns among member provinces and societal security ( EUROPA, 2009 ) . The Commission has the duty of urging new Torahs in the Union, while the Parliament and Council seek to guarantee the acceptance of these Torahs. On September 22, 1994, the Council of Ministers agreed to the European Works Council Directive ( EWC Directive ) and it was passed in the national statute law by September 22, 1996. An employer is obligated to set up a European Workers Council if the employer provides work for a lower limit of a 1000 employees within member provinces and at least one hundred and 50 employees in each of two member provinces ( FEDEE, 2009 ) . The company must react within six months to a documented petition from at least 100 employees or their representatives in at least two constitutions in at least two member states. A ‘special negotiating organic structure ‘ ( SNB ) will be set up. It will hold between three and 17 members. All member provinces where the concern has employees must be represented by at least one member. Simple bulk will be used to find the result of the vote. Management will in a written understanding with the Particular Negotiating Body determine the capacity, work, maps , and proviso of office of the European Works Council ( FEDEE, 2009 ) . The Particular Negotiating Body may be helped by other people and administrations and may besides make up one's mind, by two-thirds bulk, to halt dialogues. Financial duties for the dialogue between the Special Negotiating Body and the direction are borne by the latter. The direction and the Particular Negotiating Body will run into in order to make an understanding on how the Works Council will run. Workers involvement must be reflected in the meeting. If direction fails to take action in response to a legitimate petition within six months, or both parties are unable to wrap up an understanding within three old ages from the day of the month of the petition, a default contract which will be set out in an extension to the Directive shall use. The European Works Council ( EWC ) is to be used by Europe to rehearse planetary unionism ( Blapain and Dickens, 2008 ) among Multi-national Corporations. This Council seeks to increase international commonalty among its member provinces every bit good as addition the range of labor and employment ordinances. The European Works Council seeks non merely to supply information to the employees of big trans-border administrations but besides to see if European ordinances are followed in the administration every bit good as the impact on the international employees. Under the European Works Council, it is likely for direction to keep back some critical information which if discussed would damage the operation of the endeavor concerned. The Particular Negotiating Body is dissolved after the Works Council is formed. In states like Germany and the Netherlands, the Works Council are statutory commissariats by jurisprudence and the determine employee rights refering some issues while the United Kingdom is yet to subscribe the European Works Council Directive into jurisprudence. The European Works Council is hence seen as an avenue for corporate bargaining between the employers and the employees as they are the two societal spouses involved in decision-making in that administration. It will make an avenue for the staff in the United Kingdom particularly, to hold the legal right to be up to day of the month and discuss affairs refering to concern and employment dealingss if they so desire ( Marchingt on and Wilkinson, 2008 ) . The European societal theoretical account involves societal spouses in the development of policies and initiates societal duologue at the European Union degree. Social duologue, harmonizing to the European Commission ( 2002 ) is the driving force behind successful economic and societal activities. Social duologue at the Union degree got to its extremum with the debut of the â€Å" dialogue path † into the Maastricht societal chapter which enables the Commission to do directives in the signifier of adhering ordinances out of the understanding reached among societal spouses. Since the 1980s, the European Commission observed that the development of European Industrial Relations required â€Å" strong and capable societal spouses † and societal duologue was thereby used together with other directives to accomplish this end ( EC 1988:88-89 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Social duologue was seen as really of import because it helps the European Union in construc ting its establishments and is besides seen as a possible joint regulative process ( Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . There are two types of societal duologue understanding – the dialogue path and the independent understanding ( EUROPA, 2009 ) . The dialogue path involves the European Commission confer withing with the societal spouses on subjects and issues that need to be discussed in order to make a common land. If these societal spouses agree, so their determinations are adhering but if they fail to hold, the concerned establishment ( s ) intervene based on the European Union ‘s directives ( EC 2002a: 17 and EC 2004 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Different understandings have been reached at different times, they include parental leave ( 1995 ) , fixed term contract ( 1999 ) , nomadic working in civil air power ( 2000 ) , ( Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Autonomous understanding on the other manus, involves determinations being made with the Commission ‘s invasion and are carried out by co-operative understanding or Council determination requested by societa l spouses ( EC 2003 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Examples include tele-work ( 2002 ) and work related emphasis ( 2004 ) . Marginson and Sission ( 2006 ) stated that the European Union purely adhered to the impression of corporate bargaining. Corporate bargaining could take topographic point with one employer, different employers in the same industry or across the different industries within the state or brotherhood. It can besides take topographic point with the trade brotherhood entirely, trade brotherhoods and authorities and with the plants council or groups. It can cover with different issues runing from rewards, restructuring of the administration, employment state of affairss among others. Corporate bargaining can assist the employers every bit good as other stakeholders of the administration to make understandings about the assorted issues that affect them ( Marginson and Sission, 2006:55 ) . Corporate bargaining is besides seen to assist set up the manner cer tain issues that pertain to industrial dealingss should be handled such that there is sensible benefit to all the spouses in the society. Corporate bargaining besides helps in transporting out understandings that have been reached by the spouses ; illustration is the 1993 Working Time Directive ( Marginson and Sission, 2006:57 ) . European Employment Strategy ( EES ) makes usage of the engagement of societal spouses as they are considered of import to governance. Member provinces are expected to guarantee good disposal of employment policies every bit good as wide partnership for alteration by the meeting together of parliamentary organic structures and stakeholders. ( Council 2005a: 23 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Soft ordinance is now in pattern to back up the result of the cross-sector societal duologue even with new possibilities of dialogue envisaged by the Maastricht Treaty. The European policy is based on a theoretical account of a European public assistance p rovince where societal policy is seen as portion of economic policy. The Open Method of Co-ordination ( OMC ) got its derivation from the Lisbon European Council but before so it occurred in other council meetings like the Luxembourg, Cardiff and Cologne where different policy enterprises started. ( Hodson and Mahner, 2001 ) . It entails mark scene and sees societal duologue as a end affecting marks across a scope of indexs. Social duologue is now seen as a signifier of managerialism ( Cutler and Waine, 2000 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . Social spouses sometimes give response to guidelines ( EC, 2002a: 14-15 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . In the Open Method of Coordination, societal spouses in each member province provide advice, consult and negotiate on the assorted avenues that can be used to make labour market marks. The Luxembourg procedure made the proviso of the Employment Chapter of the Treaty. It was made to further efficiency in the labor market by supplying equal chances, doing both sides of the industry adaptabl e, encouraging entrepreneurship and bettering employability. ( Hodson and Maher, 2001 ) . The procedure begins with the European Council following â€Å" employment guidelines † that shows the employment policy ‘s precedences. Each member province will do its ain National Action Plan on how it aims to prosecute the guidelines. The Commission and the Council will so look into the programs and base on balls recommendations where necessary on the public presentation of each member province ( Hodson and Maher, 2001 ) . In Denmark, Belgium and Ireland, all societal spouses are involved in the procedures and process for decision-making with peculiar mention to the issues that relate to them while in some other states like Spain and Greece, merely some societal spouses are involved, for illustration the Employers ‘ Confederation ( Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . The Lisbon Council defined the Open Method of Co-ordination as utilizing cosmopolitan benchmarks and doing European Union guidelines unique to the states and parts by taking the differences between member provinces into history in order to supervise, measure and reexamine states ‘ public presentation on a regular footing ( Council 2000: parity 1:1837 cited in Gold, Cressey and Leonard, 2007 ) . In decision, the European industrial dealingss will non wholly wipe out industrial dealingss in the member provinces but instead, it will go on to develop ( Streek, 1998 ) . The different organizational constructions that exist between the European Union and its member provinces will still go on to be as the European Union does non hold full authorization over the financial and pecuniary policies of its member provinces ( Streek, 1998 ) . Multi-level administration can hence be seen to be in employment dealingss to the extent that merely some societal spouses in the employment relationship like the European Works Council, the Employer Organisations and other European Trade Unions are involved in some determinations made about the Union. The states besides play a important function because states like Germany France and the Netherlands have embraced quite a figure of the European Union ‘s Directives and have improved on them doing their industrial dealingss policies better than states like the United Kingdom which follows merely the barest minimal criterion of the European Union ‘s Directives. The Working Time Directive for illustration was signed by the European Union in 1993 but was non implemented in Britain boulder clay 1997 and besides, the issue of the European Works Council which will non be implemented till April 2010. However, Samecki ( 2009 ) suggests that since the European Union wants to accomplish promotion, multi-level administration should make the grassroots so that single citizens would be encouraged to acquire involved. Multi-level administration is progressively being seen to capture the shifting and unsure forms of administration in the European Union.MentionsBache I. And Flinders M. ( 2004 ) , Multilevel Governance ( ed. ) , Oxford University Press, New York.Bache I. ( 2008 ) , Europeanization and Multilevel Governance: Empirical Findingss and Conceptual Challenges, University of Oslo, April 15, 2008, Arena Centre for European St udies, .Bachtler J. and Yuill D. ( 2001 ) , Policies and Strategies for Regional Development: A Shift in Paradigm, Industrial Policy Research Paper, University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, 46.Benz A. ( 2007 ) , Accountable Multilevel Governance by the Open Method of Coordination. European Law Journal, 13,4.Blapain R. , Dickens L. et Al ( 2008 ) , Challenges in European Employment Relations ; Employment Regulation, Trade Union, Organization, Equality, Flexicurity, Training and New Approaches to Pay. Kluwer Law International, the Netherlands.EUROPA ( 2009 ) , Gateway to the European Union, hypertext transfer protocol: //europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm accessed November 25, 2009.FEDEE ( 2009 ) , Employees Work Council, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fedee.com/ewc1.html accessed November 25, 2009Gold, M. , P. Cressey and E. Leonard ( 2007 ) ‘Whatever happened to societal duologue? From Partnership to Managerialism in the EU Employment Agenda ‘ , European Journal of Ind ustrial Relations, 13, 1: 7-25.Hodson D. and Maher I ( 2001 ) , The Open Method as a New Mode of Governance ; The Case of Soft Economic Policy Coordination in Wallace H. ( erectile dysfunction ) , The Changing Politics of the European Union. Journal of Common Market StudiesHooghe L. and Marks G. ( 2001 ) , Multilevel Governance and European Integration. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Maryland, USA.Marchington M. And Wilkonson A. ( 2008 ) , Human Resource Management at Work ; People Management and Development, CIPD, London.Marginson P. and Sisson K. ( 2006 ) , European Integration and Industrial Relations ; Multilevel Governance in the Making. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.Samecki P. ( 2009 ) , European Commission Responsible for Regional policy, Multilevel Governance in European Commission. Probationary Hof-Bruges ( Belgium ) , September 22, 2009. Conference on Multilevel Governance in European Commission. SPEECH/09/417

Analysis of Introduction to Poetry & Reading Poetry

Analysis of Introduction to Poetry & Reading Poetry â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† by Billy Collins the theme that there is most focuses on is the experience getting out of reading a poem. When reading a poem readers tend to just read the poem and then come to a direct conclusion and assume that they understand the meaning, and not looking at it in a different way. This is not what Billy Collins wants â€Å"them† referring to his students to do. In the first stanzas it shows how â€Å"I† who is referred to himself wants â€Å"them† to experience the poem.The tone the author has changes throughout the poem. By looking at the first two words in the beginning of the first three stanzas, there is a clear change in tone. The change in tone shows that his temper is rising as the poem progresses. He starts off by â€Å"I ask them† which is polite, then in the next stanzas â€Å"I say† which is more direct and in the third stanzas â€Å"I want them t o† which indicates that his mood and tone has changed. The way Billy Collins chooses to describe the experience with particular images.In the first stanza, â€Å"poem† is compared to â€Å"a color slide† that creates a strong imagery that readers have to squint their eyes to look at the slide clearly. In the second stanza, â€Å"poem† is compared to â€Å"a hive†, it might be difficult to fully understand a poem, but one can succeed even though it seems difficult. In the third and fourth stanza, Billy Collins compares â€Å"poem† to â€Å"a maze† and â€Å"a room in a house†, that indicates that the reader must feel lost and frustration. Yet, the last two stanzas show a harsh and different contrast to the previous stanzas.The tone and imagery has a negative kind of manner towards poetry, as he describes the way his students read and rush to a conclusion. The author describes â€Å"poem† as â€Å"a prisoner†, being tied to a chair and tortured with a hose. It adds a mocking, yet humorous tone to the whole poem, mocking at the incorrect attitudes of students towards poetry, hoping to alert the readers at the same time. The poet’s choice of words gives dramatic imagery for the readers, In hope of changing the reading and interpretations of the poem. Reading Poetry† and â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† are bough similar in the way that they are describing poetry and the way they relate to how people do and should interpret poetry. â€Å"Reading Poetry† has more focus on how people see poetry for and against point of view. It tells the reader a lot about the history of poetry and the way poets write poems. The structure in â€Å"Reading Poetry† is very organized in the sense that the author starts off by writing about the ancient Greeks and Romans and works its way all the way down to how different people interpret a poem.The two texts are very different when it come s to the contexts and lay out, but the author’s bought state the same opinion. They way to understand a poem is what they discuss the most, it is also a very important key element when reading a poem. Poets use their poems to express emotions and experiences; they then pass them on to the reader to give the reader a feeling of the author way of seeing things. Text 2 â€Å"Reading Poetry† goes into detail with trying to define poetry. This is a question that cannot be answered but is a personal opinion, just like art. Poems are a work of art, some like it others don’t. It’s a matter of taste.