Free Essays on Should We Be In Iraq

Is the War in Iraq Justified? I. Presentation One of the most disputable issues for Americans today is whether our country's activities in Iraq and the Middle East are legitimized. In this discourse I will appear if Iraq is a military force that represents a danger to our national security and its neighbors in the Middle East. Besides if this war in Iraq is sacred. What are a portion of the expenses of the war monetarily and including the lives of the Americans that are engaged with this contention? Are our President’s intentions unadulterated and do they mirror the considerations and thoughts of the American open. Proposal Statement: Proof shows that our contribution in Iraq is unlawful, outlandish, and exorbitant to American residents. II. Iraq is an extraordinarily reduced military force, and postures little danger to even its neighbors. A. In the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq had the option to field just a â€Å"Third World Military† that immediately disintegrated before the US’s innovation and force, notes Owen Cote Jr., partner executive of security learns at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the Boston Globe (January 12, 2003) B. Since that contention the Iraqi military has never really decrease in measure and debase its ability. C. In 1990 Iraq had one million men in its military, supported by 5,500 tanks. By differentiate in later occasions the Iraqi military had just 400,000 men in arms and 2,200 tanks. D. Those numbers are similarly beguiling the Iraqi tank powers were basically involved soviet models that go back to use during the 1940’s. E. The alleged entire reason for war was to freed Iraq of their subtle weapons of mass obliteration. Right up 'til the present time the disclosure of these weapons despite everything have not been found. III. The war in Iraq is strikingly illegal A. â€Å"Congress not the president, has the privilege to proclaim war,† composes William Raspberry in the Washington Post (January 6, 2003). B. In Article 1 segment 8 of the U.S. constitution it is c... Free Essays on Should We Be In Iraq Free Essays on Should We Be In Iraq Is the War in Iraq Justified? I. Presentation One of the most disputable issues for Americans today is whether our country's activities in Iraq and the Middle East are supported. In this discourse I will appear if Iraq is a military force that represents a danger to our national security and its neighbors in the Middle East. Moreover if this war in Iraq is sacred. What are a portion of the expenses of the war monetarily and including the lives of the Americans that are associated with this contention? Are our President’s intentions unadulterated and do they mirror the considerations and thoughts of the American open. Proposition Statement: Proof shows that our contribution in Iraq is unlawful, ridiculous, and exorbitant to American residents. II. Iraq is an enormously lessened military force, and stances little danger to even its neighbors. A. In the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq had the option to field just a â€Å"Third World Military† that immediately disintegrated before the US’s innovation and force, notes Owen Cote Jr., partner executive of security learns at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the Boston Globe (January 12, 2003) B. Since that contention the Iraqi military has never really decrease in measure and corrupt its capacity. C. In 1990 Iraq had one million men in its military, sponsored by 5,500 tanks. By differentiate in later occasions the Iraqi military had just 400,000 men in arms and 2,200 tanks. D. Those numbers are similarly misleading the Iraqi tank powers were essentially involved soviet models that go back to use during the 1940’s. E. The alleged entire reason for war was to freed Iraq of their slippery weapons of mass devastation. Right up 'til today the revelation of these weapons despite everything have not been found. III. The war in Iraq is strongly illegal A. â€Å"Congress not the president, has the option to proclaim war,† composes William Raspberry in the Washington Post (January 6, 2003). B. In Article 1 segment 8 of the U.S. constitution it is c...

Epitaph and Dreaming Black Boy Free Essays

a) Compare the manners by which these two sonnets manage the experience of abuse and bigotry. b) State which of the two sonnets you discover all the more upsetting, and offer motivations to help your response. c) Identify and remark on TWO lovely gadgets utilized in every sonnet to feature the activities of persecution or bigotry. We will compose a custom exposition test on Memorial and Dreaming Black Boy or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† and â€Å"Epitaph† are two sonnets which address the issues of persecution and prejudice. in spite of the fact that the two of them manage a similar issue, it is taken care of and talked about in an unexpected way. In † Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona, a youthful dark kid in school, discusses his yearnings and dreams. He seeks after a conclusion to prejudice. The persona attempts to utilize his training to attempt to get away from the unforgiving truth of bigotry. He not just notices what is happening around him now, yet in addition the past and even how he might want things to be later on. He aches for acknowledgment, a great training, achievement, to travel and a break from mental bondage. He neglects to get a handle on that regardless of his knowledge and physical development, the supremacist treatment will keep, feeling that what he encounters as a little fellow is the most exceedingly terrible, he presently can't seem to discover how it is later on. Then again, â€Å"Epitaph†, a fundamentally shorter sonnet, is about a dark slave who was hanged, individuals stop what they are doing to watch the sight, yet the remainder of the world keeps on going on. The sugar stick keeps on developing, not at all like in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona in â€Å"Epitaph† is a grown-up, looking on a past event and remarking on how these kinds of occasions have affected on our lives today. â€Å"Epitaph† gives off an impression of being the most upsetting as it recommends that a large number of these slaves’ passings are overlooked. The thought or idea that life goes on after you kick the bucket and all you are granted is a â€Å"pause†. The pictures in â€Å"Epitaph† are additionally increasingly realistic. In â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the writer utilizes code word to down play the brutal truth of the youthful dark kid. For instance, â€Å"plotters in pajamas† is utilized to allude to the KKK, a gathering notorious for the dread they caused on the dark race. The principle artistic gadget utilized in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† is reference. The persona suggests racial domination gatherings, a well known vocalist etcetera, to communicate the things he might want to change about his world. â€Å"Epitaph† utilizes the â€Å"apostrophe† to give a visual picture f the dark slave hanging and swinging as he is hanged. This allegory is powerful in indicating likewise how the slave has assumed the issues of the dark race as his own. Furthermore, his demise has a place with the blacks. It is their history. Bigotry and bondage are two of the most dubious and harsh components in mankind' s history. In spite of the fact that the two sonnets contrast in style and method, both effectively portray the physical and enthusiastic impacts of bigotry and persecution (servitude). This achievement is accomplished using inferences, striking pictures, representative language and even code word. ) Compare the manners by which these two sonnets manage the experience of mistreatment and prejudice. b) State which of the two sonnets you discover all the more upsetting, and offer motivations to help your response. c) Identify and remark on TWO graceful gadgets utilized in every sonnet to feature the functions of mistreatment or bigotry. â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† and â€Å"Epitaph† are two sonnets which address the issues of persecution and bigotry. in spite of the fact that the two of them manage a similar issue, it is dealt with and talked about in an unexpected way. In † Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona, a youthful dark kid in school, discusses his goals an d dreams. He seeks after a conclusion to bigotry. The persona attempts to utilize his instruction to attempt to get away from the unforgiving truth of bigotry. He not just notices what is happening around him now, yet in addition the past and even how he might want things to be later on. He aches for acknowledgment, a great training, achievement, to travel and a break from mental bondage. He neglects to get a handle on that in spite of his knowledge and physical development, the supremacist treatment will keep, believing that what he encounters as a little youngster is the most exceedingly awful, he still can't seem to discover how it is later on. Then again, â€Å"Epitaph†, an essentially shorter sonnet, is about a dark slave who was hanged, individuals stop what they are doing to watch the sight, yet the remainder of the world keeps on going on. The sugar stick keeps on developing, not at all like in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona in â€Å"Epitaph† is a grown-up, looking on a past event and remarking on how these sorts of occasions have affected on our lives today. â€Å"Epitaph† gives off an impression of being the most upsetting as it recommends that a large number of these slaves’ passings are overlooked. The thought or idea that life goes on after you pass on and all you are granted is a â€Å"pause†. The pictures in â€Å"Epitaph† are additionally increasingly realistic. In â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the artist utilizes code word to down play the cruel truth of the youthful dark kid. For instance, â€Å"plotters in pajamas† is utilized to allude to the KKK, a gathering scandalous for the fear they caused on the dark race. The fundamental abstract gadget utilized in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† is reference. The persona insinuates racial domination gatherings, a well known vocalist etcetera, to communicate the things he might want to change about his existence. â€Å"Epitaph† utilizes the â€Å"apostrophe† to give a visual picture of the dark slave hanging and swinging as he is hanged. This similitude is powerful in demonstrating likewise how the slave has assumed the issues of the dark race as his own. Also, his passing has a place with the blacks. It is their history. Bigotry and servitude are two of the most questionable and severe components in mankind's history. In spite of the fact that the two sonnets vary in style and procedure, both effectively depict the physical and enthusiastic impacts of prejudice and mistreatment (servitude). This achievement is accomplished using implications, clear pictures, emblematic language and even code word. The most effective method to refer to Epitaph and Dreaming Black Boy, Papers

Sick of Being Sick

Sick of Being Sick So Im sick right now. Again. Its some lovely combination of fever, nausea, and other TMI that Ill spare you the details of, but basically, I was sick when classes first started, got better, and now Ive been sick since Monday. Its now next Monday. Im getting better, though, and thats in part due to my winning combination of Pepto Bismol chased down by red Gatorade and chick flicks chased down by Star Wars. (Yesterday was 27 Dresses and Empire Strikes Back; the night before that, A New Hope and Bring It On. Most of the dorms have free movies you can rent from the front desk, and so the Burton-Conner deskworkers think Im a little bipolar.) The real turning point in my illness took place on Friday, when I was so weak and feverish that I dragged myself over to MIT Medical to have them take a look at me. Being sick in college is not fun, no matter how good you think you are at taking care of yourself, so its nice knowing MIT Medical is there. My friends were sweet enough to bring me extra Gatorade and soup and other fairly tame foods, but when it came to pumping my veins with IV fluids most of them had better things to do like go on really fun dorm-wide white water rafting trip that I unfortunately missed, since that doesnt exactly fall under the categories of no strenuous activity or get lots of rest. (Drink plenty of fluids, maybe?) So I headed off to Urgent Care, where at this point, I was pretty woozy, but I remember giving them my name and symptoms and they told me to take a seat and I read through magazine covers and then they called my name and I stood up woah, REALLY dizzy aaand they pretty much took care of me for the rest of the evening. Which was really easy, and really cool, because I think at that point I was pretty much speaking like Yoda. In fact, I was so tired and so stressed by the time they got me on the table and asked me what was wrong that I just started crying. Doctor: Whats the matter?? Me: Dontknowwhycrying..I..am!!* *may be an exaggeration I should also mention that this is all covered under basic insurance for MIT students. That also includes ambulance rides to and from MIT Medical if you need to go to an outside hospital, theres an extended insurance plan that covers that, as well as some prescription drugs and a lot of other stuff which is kind of convenient since theres a pharmacy in MIT Medical, and they only take Extended Insurance. Anyway, they drew some blood to do a blood test, put me in a bed, and set me up on an IV when I remembered Id called Student Support Services (S^3) last night I had an assignment due that day, which I hadnt really found time to do in my busy schedule of having a fever and sleeping it off. S^3 set me up with a phone appointment that afternoon with a dean to talk about sending a sick note to my TA, which they normally dont do over the phone, but seeing as I was hooked to a bag of sodium chloride I probably wasnt going to make it very far. So I called in and talked to the dean, who took down the name of my TA and sent her an email about getting an extension for the assignment. (Honestly, I thought the fact that Id been wearing the same pair of sweatpants for the past three days shouldve be enough for them, but the medical record probably conveys that same idea.) And that was basically it! I still have to go in later when Im feeling up to it to get a physical note, but it was all a fairly easy process. After that? I slept. A lot. When I had ran through 3 liters of fluid, MIT Medical sent me home, and a bunch of movies and 32 oz. bottles of Gatorade later, Im here now trying really hard to kick this thing once and for all, and I fully intend for my next blog entry begins with So Im awesome right now. Again. (By the way? That assignment I got the extension for? Its for that class that I almost didnt get into the last time I was sick. Either my professor does actually read my blog, or the universe doesnt entirely hate me after all..)

History of Parle G - 3353 Words

HISTORY OF PARLE-G A long time ago, when the British ruled in India, a small factory was set up in the suburbs of Mumbai City, to manufacture sweets and toffees. The year was 1929 and the market was dominated by famous international brands that were imported freely. Despite the odds and unequal competition, this company called PARLE PRODUCT, survived and succeeded by adhering to his quality and improvising from time to time. A decade later, in 1939, Parle Product began manufacturing biscuits, in addition to sweets and toffees having already established a reputation for quality, the Parle Brand name grew in strength with this diversification. PARLE GLUCOSE and PARLE MONACO were the first brand of biscuit to be introduced which later went†¦show more content†¦Parle has nearly 1,500 wholesalers, catering to 4,25,000 retial outlets directly or indirectly. A two hundred strong dedicated field force services these wholesalers retailers. Additionally there are 31 depots and C F agents supplying goods to the wide distribution network. The Parle marketing philosophy emphasizes catering to the masses. We constantly endeavor at designing product that provide nutrition fun to the common man. Most Parle offering are in the low mid-range price segments. This is based on our cultivated understanding of the Indian consumer psyche. The value-for money positioning helps generate large sales volumes for the products. However, Parle Products also manufactures a variety of premium products for the up-market, urben consumers. And in this way, caters a range of products to a variety of consumers. The Customer Confidence The Parle name conjures up fond memories across the length and breadth of the country. After all, since 1929,the people of India have been growing up on Parle biscuits sweets. Today , the parle brand have found their way intothe heart and homes of people all over India aborad. Parle biscuit and confestioneries, continu to spread happiness joy among people of all ages. The consumer is the focus of all activities at parle. Maximizing value to consumer and forging enduring customer relationship are the core endeavors at parle . our effort are driven toward maximizing customerShow MoreRelatedParle Ivey Case Study1949 Words   |  8 Pages|[pic] | |Parle-G | |[A case study] | | Read MoreParle Ivey Case Study1936 Words   |  8 Pages|[pic] | |Parle-G | |[A case study] | | Read MoreProduct Life Cycle Stages5638 Words   |  23 Pagesprice. The pricing of the company is such that it caters to the need of all income groups of people but special provision has been kept for Low and middle income group, and their pricing are competitive with respect to other players like Britannia, Parle and Briskfarm. The company follows the Going rate pricing that is the price of the product depends upon the competitors price. The firm chooses pricing more or less the same as Market leader i.e Lays. PLACE ITC has a huge dealer network spreadRead MoreBrand and Biscuits10564 Words   |  43 Pagesor less than Rs 15 per household per month. This is according to a study done by Market Search, a Mumbai-based market research agency which has attempted to explain the dynamics of the Indian biscuit market. Having national players like Bakemans, Parle, Priya Gold, Britannia, Smithkline Beecham and Kellogs, the prices have remained almost constant for the past few years in most categories and in some categories the prices have actually decreased to 1997-98 levels. As per the study, the market isRead MoreWorkshop on Positioning of Britannia Tiger Biscuits2506 Words   |  11 Pagesprovided to two different income groups using two different products viz. Nutri Choice and Tiger Biscuits. Reaching the Target Market In March 2009, for the first time in history, Parle Biscuits overtook Britannia by a little margin of 0.06% on revenues. In terms of volumes Parle was already ahead with its flagship brand Parle-G as the world’s most selling biscuit. The drop in revenues was primarily because Britannia lost its market share in the glucose biscuits, i.e. Tiger biscuit. Prior to thisRead MoreBisleri vs Aquafina3562 Words   |  15 Pagesof genuine as well as fly-by -night operators have entered it to milk it. In 1967 Bisleri set up a bottling plant for manufacturing and marketing its mineral water but failed. The brand was later sold off to Parle in 1968-69. Mineral water market had its seeding as early as 1968-69 when Parle Group acquired the Bisleri brand from Bisleri of Italy for launching Soda water but later launched bottled water also. The launch at that time was a big flop as concept of buying water that too in bottled formRead MoreCritical Review of Two Articles with the Concept of Interpellation1737 Words   |  7 Pagesand Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation). In Meenakshi G., Durham Douglas M., Kellner, eds. 2009, Media and Cultural Studies: Keywords, Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 79-87. Dolar, M., 1993. Beyond Interpellation. Qui Parle, 6(2), pp.75-96. Foucault, M., 1972. The Archeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon. Hall, S., 1981. The Whites of Their Eyes: Racist Ideologies and the Media. In G. Bridges and R. Brunt, eds. 1987, Silver Linings, London: Lawrence Wishart. Read MorePepsi Atom Essay5966 Words   |  24 PagesLater on, with the entry of global beverage and snacks player PepsiCo, the market dynamics changed completely. Now, the market is dominated by PepsiCo with its wide range of product portfolio. The other major players include Parle Agro, ITC, Parle Products, Balaji Wafers and Parle Wafers among others. A number of regional players have also entered the market in the last few years and are giving tough competition to the big players. In 2012 Indias soft drink market grew about 23% to 435.54 millionRead MoreThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 20022864 Words   |  12 PagesOversight Board (PCAOB) Prior to SOX, the accounting profession was mostly self-regulated. SOX - Title I is the PCAOB, which accounts for the new federal oversight board. There are three distinct components which comprise Title I. Authors McCauley Parles,  O Sullivan   Shannon (2007, p. 38) list them as: (1) registering and discipling accounting firms that prepare audit reports for public companies; (2) establishing audit and accounting standards; and (3) conducting inspections and investigationsRead MoreKraft Competitive Strategy2604 Words   |  11 Pagesof Indian tastes 9 COMPETITORS The industry is dominated by a handful of companies that have been operating for decades in India. Parle: the company is India’s largest manufacturer of biscuits and confectionary and has been operating in the country for over 80 years.15 Parle owns a 40% market share of the overall biscuit market. Its flagship Parle-G glucose biscuit is the number one glucose biscuit with approximately 60% market share.16 The company’s distribution network also reaches

Theories Of Personality And Social Psychology - 3265 Words

2 KirtmanNPSY800-12 NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Nisaa Kirtman PSY8100 CLIFFORD THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Signature assignment: Explore future directions for personality theory and research in social psychology Apologies it is slightly late. I’ve been trying to upload this and even attach as an email. I’ve had to use an entirely different computer to do this. Faculty Use Only Future directions for personality theory and research in social psychology Introduction and overview of personality in social psychology Social psychology and personality psychology both came into fruition around the same time – the 1920’s and 1930’s. Needless†¦show more content†¦The current paper will explore the history and future of personality in social psychology, and how the integration of these fields show more similarities than differences. Personality Psychology Funder (2006) defines personality as a person’s pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior, with psychological mechanisms and underpinnings. Studying personality within the field of social psychology makes logical senses. While the study of personality psychology seeks to determine the various ways that people differ from one another, and figure out individuals from the inside out, personality within social psychology seeks to figure out individuals from the inside out in varying contexts. Personality psychologists deal with one main challenge – there are so many facets to one’s personality that it is hard to view one’s personality within one single lens. Therefore, before exploring personality within the context of social realms, it is important to view the many facets and approaches to examining personality and its variations. Psychanalysis is perhaps one of the most individualist lenses to viewing personality, and has to do with understanding one’s hidden, unconscious, and more dark urges as the means to conceptualizing one’s personality. Further, psychoanalysis examines a more abstract look into what factors make us who we are, such as the unconscious, dreams, defense mechanisms, our egos, attachment, and sexual urgesShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Personality, By Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, And Raymond Cattell1568 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to understanding the theories of personality, there are several psychologists that put their input in to help us understand the theories of personality. The individuals that have contributed to the theories of personality and have made us understand the topic more would be Abraham Maslow, Gordon Allport, Albert Bandura, and Raymond Cattell. Abraham Maslow was born in Brooklyn, New York April 1, 1908. As a young child, Abraham was the oldest child out of seven brothers and sister. â€Å"HisRead MoreInterview With The Personality Theorist1318 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment is to prepare a transcript for a mocked interview with four personality theorist. The four personality theorists included in this interview are; Horney, Erikson, Jung, and Adler. In this mocked interview, one will pretend to ask each theorist a combination of questions about the viewpoints of Sigmund Freud, and his daughter, Anna Freud. In addition, each theorist will explain what impact they believe their work has had on psychology as they see it today. Outline of Interview Interviewer: KathleenRead MoreIndividual Psychology in the Real World809 Words   |  3 PagesIndividual psychology is a theory developed by Alfred Alder to explain human personality and the behaviors that stem from that personality. His personality theory regards people in a positive light especially in their potential to overcome physical disabilities and the feelings of inferiority that stem from them. Individual psychology can also be used to explain underlying causes of mental and physical disorders. Susan E. Belangee in her article â€Å"Couples and Eating Disorders: An Individual PsychologyRead MoreWhy Is Psychology Useful?1541 Words   |  7 Pages Why Is Psychology Useful: In its primary form, psychology studies humans- who and what they are and what they are. Psychology looks into why people act and think a certain way and how someone can improve themselves. Psychology allows people to understand more about how the mind and body works together. Knowledge such as this can help with decision making processes and avoiding stressful situations. It can help with time management, setting and achieving goalsRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology1292 Words   |  6 Pages Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the differences between people’s behaviors in terms of patterns, cognitions, and emotion. Personality psychology has been around for centuries, since Hippocrates’ Four Humors. Personality psychology has taken on many forms and has continued to develop throughout the centuries. Personality psychology is also developed with and from other fields of psychology like child development, behavioral, cognitive, and few others. PersonalityRead MoreCarl Jung Collective Unconscious Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pageswas one of few psychologists who argued that Freud’s psychoanalytic theory placed too much emphasis on sexual principles, especially in concerns with young children. Jung renovated Freud’s three components of the brain, he retitled id as personal unconscious, ego as personal conscious and the superego as the collective conscious (Jung 1912). In addition to this, Jung added collective unconscious to Freud’s structure of personality. The personal unconscious includes memories that are concealed andRead Moreâ€Å"If You Want To Know Me, You Must Know My Story, For My1514 Words   |  7 Pagesmy story, for my story defines who I am (McAdams, 1993).† Dr. Dan P. McAdams Narrative Theory of Identity is the story one tells about how they came to be the person they are becoming. McAdams is a Personality Scientist and a Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychology at Northw estern University. Among other things McAdams is involved in he is still currently researching narrative approaches to psychology, the conceptions of identity and self in modern society, and generativity and adult developmentRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment710 Words   |  3 Pagesmuch your personality is the result of your genetic makeup, and how much is the result of the environment? The nature-nurture question is one of the oldest issues in psychology. This question is applicable to identical twins. They are the same age, same-sex, have the same genes, live in the same house, share same stuff, given identical presents, so in other words, they share the same environment from birth. The researcher tends to know if identical twins really share the same personality. In IndividualRead MoreAnalysis Of Dollard And Miller s Theory1079 Words   |  5 PagesMiller as a psychologist. They published Social Learning and Imitation and Personality and Psychotherapy through which they introduced their theories regarding personality. Personality and Psychotherapy, in particular, had a significant influence on psychotherapy (RolnickRickles, 2010). Their attempt to integrate both psychoanalytic and behavioral concepts was groundbreaking. Introduction ToThe Theory The most important concept in Dollard and Miller’s theory are habits. They believed that habitsRead MoreThe Diver810 Words   |  4 Pagesse Nature of Psychology The Diverse Nature of Psychology Christine Woyner PSY 490 September 19, 2011 Edna Foster The Diverse Nature of Psychology The diverse nature of psychology begins with making a difference in a diverse setting. This involves the implementation of critical psychology concepts, subdisciplines and subtopics, motivation, behaviorism, and cognition. Moreover, these subdisciplines and subtopics may be applied to other disciplines in contemporary society. In addition

Comparison of hybrid vehicles with other types of power units Free Essays

1 Introduction 1.1 Investigation Purpose The times of low inflation have gone, especially in the resources centre and this is as a result of fossil fuels being capped with limit. Unfortunately, we can not reserve fossil fuels, such as coal and oil forever, though what we can do is introduce another power source for the likes of vehicles, whether this is a slowly but surely start, any positive impact on our fuel consumption as a whole and reduction of global warming. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of hybrid vehicles with other types of power units or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a vital need of this information to be distributed to individuals around the world, as whether it is our generation which faces the issue of green house gas emissions or the future generation, one way or another we have to deal with it. The idea is to make the world realise that term ‘hybrid’ is feasible and available to everyday consumers, of course at a price, but what isn’t I will extract data from various research and development programs and compare it to the current hybrid’s which are available and observe the room for improvement. The contribution that will be put in has its limits, as I can not produce a new alternative or redevelop a current form, though it is my duty to identify and produce evidence of the type of hybrid and power units that can modernise today’s world effectively, safely and most importantly cleanly. I will determine how the new generation of hybrid cars, which uses a combination of two or more distinctive power units to move a vehicle. This will include the comparison with conventional power units, such as petrol and diesel engines. A thorough analysis will also be carried out, along with advantages and disadvantages, in relation to efficiency, resources, safety, performance emissions and other deriving factors. Hybrid vehicles are deemed to be the future for vehicle transportation, as fossil fuels are diminishing, whilst pollution is greater than ever. Technically, this is a resultant substitute for the conventional power source, though does this ultimately ridden the problemIf this is the case, would it a short or long term change? 1.2 Methodology I will extract information from various sources, including textbooks, internet and applying my common sense and literature towards it. I will firstly research in depth on the subject, and then followed by planning and structuring the report. I will use comparative arguments in order to review hybrid cars and other fuel types. 2 Hybrid Vehicle 2.1 History Since the early 1900’s, car designers have been experimenting with electric and hybrid power units. Hybrid vehicles were produced beginning as early as 1899 by Lohner-Porsche, who is best known for creating the first hybrid vehicle (gasoline-electric), the Volkswagen Beetle, the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, as well as the first of many Porsche cars. Early hybrids could be charged from an external source before operation; hence the term plug-in hybrid has come to mean a hybrid vehicle that can be charged from a standard electrical wall socket. While employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche developed the Mixte; a 4WD series-hybrid version of â€Å"System Lohner-Porsche† electric carriage previously appeared in 1900 Paris World Fair. The Mixte included a pair of generators driven by 2.5-hp Daimler IC engines to extend operating range and it could travel nearly 40 miles on battery alone and it was presented in the Paris Auto Show in 1901. The Mixte broke several Austria n speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901 with Porsche himself driving. The Mixte used a gasoline engine powering a generator, which in turn powered electric hub motors, with a small battery pack for reliability. It had a top speed of 50 km/h and a power of 5.22 kW for 20 minutes. As a result of this, the internal combustion had reformed as the ‘best’ at the given time and inheriting the power source for automobiles for over a century. Between this time, petrol and diesel powered vehicles took the opportunity to boost their technological advancements, which included fuel injection and computer controlled systems that aided the fuel efficiency, safety and power. 2.2 How it functions As we know, a conventional car has a fuel tank, along with an internal combustion engine and a transmission, which ultimately work simultaneously to turn the wheels of the car, thus making movement. In saying so, the fuel tank allocates fuel, such as petrol or diesel to the engine and therefore, the engine processes the fuel through the transmission, causing the wheels to turn. Like all batteries, hybrid batteries have two electrodes (which collect or emit an electric charge) that sit in an ion-rich solution called the electrolyte. (An ion, by the way, is an atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge.) The electrodes are typically very close, so a polymer film, called a separator, prevents them from touching, which would create a short circuit. An on-off switch in whatever device is powered by the battery—your phone or laptop—bridges the cell’s electrodes to generate power. That’s when the electrochemical reaction begins. Keep in mind: What we commonly call â€Å"a battery† is actually a battery pack that houses many individual cells. Your mobile phone battery is just one single cell, but anything larger—even a laptop battery—uses multiple cells working together. Ionized elements in one electrode are in a chemical state where they are easily attracted to combine with other molecules, emitting electrons (energy) in the process. Those elements are tugged through the electrolyte and the separator toward the opposing electrode. The ions of the negative electrode (anode) give up electrons; the positive ions coming toward the anode accept them. The electrons released during this process travel through the external circuit (e.g. your phone), producing a flow of charge in the opposite direction to the flow of ions. During recharge, current is forced into the cell, reversing the process. As we take a tour of hybrid batteries, remember one thing: Total energy determines the vehicle’s electric range, whereas available power determines its acceleration. (http://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-car-battery ­) On the other hand, a hybrid vehicle consists of two parts, the internal combustion engine and the electric motor to form motion on the vehicle. Furthermore, the means of this is so that depending on the environment the vehicle is driving in, it will switch between the fuel engine and the electric motor, in order to maximise efficiency. Examples of this would be whether the vehicle was driving through urban or rural roads or even dependant on speed. This particular combination is called HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) and is also important to note that is predominately used with diesel as the fuel 2.3 Types of hybrids There are many types of hybrids and whilst some are quite similar to each other, in terms of functionality, they are in fact two diverse designs. However, they are both built around improving fuel mileage and better the emissions to limit the harm to the environment. The Mild hybrid focuses more on the traditional fuel engine, whilst integrating the three major components. It is conveyed around the assistance of the electric motor’s function for the fuel engine. In the case of conventional vehicles, motion of the force is what makes it a fuel engine. In addition to this, the electric power only comes into the picture when further power is needed. Due to the fact that the vehicle is only using energy where essential, it is increasing fuel mileage. This design has enabled the electric motor to do more than one task, which is either charge the vehicles battery or use vital electricity to help boost the performance of the vehicle. Unfortunately, the design has limited the possibility of doing both tasks simultaneously. Honda is a prime example of Mild hybrid systems, developed in models such as the Civic and Insight. On the other hand, Full hybrid vehicles are designed differently, but the three key components are well and truly there. However, this is deemed to be more complex, in terms of benefiting the vehicle. The Full hybrid is able to utilise its electric motor independently under certain conditions of the fuel engine. The electric motor will take over, depending on certain models, which means if the vehicle is moving at a constant lower speed and will only have use of the fuel engine when acceleration is required. Though, if the fuel engine permits it, they can both work simultaneously. Periods of high speed, like in the case of highway passing is an example of the two engines working together. Full hybrid cars are capable of both charging and using energy from the battery at the same time. Ultimately, whether the vehicle is mid or full hybrid, they are both economically friendly, reducing emissions, whilst increasing whole life cost to include cost of manufacture. 2.4 Technology You can argue that, although the HEV is combined, the battery or electrical motor would still need to run on chargeable cells, thus being expensive. However, the defining feature the HEV has is its RESS (Rechargeable Energy Storage System), which productively allows the system to be recharged, from the actual process of operating the vehicle and does not need any form of ‘plugging in’. For example, the regenerative breaking converts the vehicles kinetic energy into energy, which is stored by the battery or capacitors. Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel cells consist of: Anode Membrane Cathode Electro engine Power electronics Batteries Hydrogen tank A fuel cell is a combination of electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat. There are two main hurdles that stand in the way of mass production and widespread consumer adoption of hydrogen fuel cells. One is the high cost of producing fuel cells, which cost $1million to produce one vehicle and Toyota and Honda are currently leasing to Japan and California. It is important to note that, although it seems very expensive to produce a vehicle right now, Toyota is hoping to reduce this cost to $50,000 by 2015. I believe that the current cost would not make a make a difference to society, as the same with the current hybrid of electric vehicles. The reason for this is because everything is in production and to be quite honest, the world is not ready for a huge step, especially when the acceptance of hybrid vehicles as a whole is still in acceptance and surge of demand still waits. The second issue, which of course is in relation to the first, typically consists of the lack of hydrogen refuelling stations. As we all know, it is safe to say that majority of vehicles on the road are under the influence of petrol or diesel applied engines. Therefore, oil companies may be reluctant to push the idea of hydrogen fuel, when they are perfectly indulging in their most profitable sector – petrol and diesel. And why not thoughIt is fairly logical to stand by your current business affairs when they are keeping yourself and shareholders happy. Though to be fair, Shell and BP have been promoting this idea and working with a dealership, which I will elaborate further down. There are many factors involved in which understandably fright oil companies, such as safety, cost and of course, lack of demand. However, one company which has an extremely good reputation with hydrogen being their middle name and this is the ‘California Fuel Cell Partnership’. They are a non-profit based company, who admire the concept of ending petroleum dependence and making a positive change to society. We can question whether this direction is possible or whether consumers will ultimately accept it, but without research and attempting to better the need for zero emissions as a whole, we will never know, rightAs of now, we do not know any better, we isolate ourselves with the nature of life, believing that life today, will consist of the same resources in 50-100 years’ time – or do we know the truth about commodities and turn a blind eye to limited resources and let the future generation deal with it – perhaps. The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a public-private partnership to promote hydrogen vehicles (including cars and buses) in California. It is notable as one of the first initiatives for that purpose undertaken in the United States. In January 1999, two state government agencies—California Air Resources Board and California Energy Commission joined with six private sector companies—Ballard Power Systems, DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Company, BP, Shell Hydrogen and ChevronTexaco—to form the California Fuel Cell Partnership. The goal was to demonstrate and promote the potential for fuel cell vehicles as a clean, safe, and practical alternative to vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. Within a very short time, other government agencies and private businesses became members. In November 2000, the West Sacramento headquarters opened. The building includes a public gallery, offices, hydrogen fuelling station and indoor service bays for vehicle maintenance. At first, the automakers had just handful of cars all stationed in Sacramento. The goal was to see if these vehicles and fuel could be technically viable. If the answer was no, then CaFCP would close its doors in 2004. Before the first phase was finished, CaFCP members knew that the technology could succeed. The number of members grew to 33 and set a new set of goals for the next phase of operation, from 2004-2007. During this period, CaFCP members worked on project to prove or disprove the commercially viability—would the vehicles, fuels and public policies meet consumer expectations? In mid-2006, the members agreed that FCVs could be a commercial success. They agreed to a third phase through the end of 2012 to lay the foundations for a commercial market, which includes developing early retail stations, policies to enable the sale of retail hydrogen and necessary steps to building a supplier base for large-scale production in the future. CaFCP completed its first phase of operation in December, 2003. The second phase will conclude in December, 2007. In mid-2006, the members agreed to enter a third phase to encourage fuel cell vehicle commercialization that will continue through 2012. The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a unique collaborative of auto manufacturers, energy companies, fuel cell technology companies and government agencies. The members collaborate on activities that advance the technology, such as first responder training, community outreach and agreeing on protocols while standards are being developed. Automotive members provide fuel cell passenger vehicles that are placed in demonstration programs, where they are tested in real-world driving conditions. Energy members work to build hydrogen stations within an infrastructure that is safe, convenient and fits into the community. Fuel cell technology members provide fuel cells for passenger vehicles and transit buses. Government members lay the groundwork for demonstration programs by facilitating steps to creating a hydrogen fuelling infrastructure. What is the difference between a fuel cell and a battery? Fuel cells and batteries are similar because they use a chemical reaction to provide electricity. A battery stores the chemical reactants, usually metal compounds like lithium, zinc or manganese. Once used up, you must recharge or throw away the battery. On the other hand, a fuel cell actually creates electricity through reactants (hydrogen and oxygen) stored externally. The fuel cell will produce electricity as long as it has a fuel supply. In short, a fuel cell vehicle is refuelled instead of recharged. Why is it taking so long? Well, this is a question everyone wants to know the answer to, I mean if there, why not release itThe problem is, technology, especially being new takes many years to come to the market. Before selling anything, it is important to create and enforce regulations and standards, to ensure that consumers get what the pay for. The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a prime example of their members working together on the barriers which front us all and by doing so, they can streamline a process from years to months. Is hydrogen a safe fuel? The term ‘fuel’ is not to be taken lightly and when dealing with any type of fuel, it is important to handle with care, just as hydrogen is done. For more than 50 years, hydrogen has been produced and used for commercial and industrial purposes with an exemplary safety record. Like all fuels, hydrogen has high energy content and must be handled with care. CaFCP’s members are building fuel cell vehicles and fuelling stations that meet or exceed safety standards. In addition, our members are defining new safety measures. Like gasoline and other fuels, hydrogen is flammable. Unlike conventional fuels, it is very buoyant. With proper ventilation, hydrogen dissipates rapidly into the air, greatly reducing the chance of fire. Hydrogen is non-toxic, so if released it does not present a health hazard to humans and its effect on the environment is benign. Petroleum Dependency and Fuel Cell Vehicle’s Vehicles in the U.S. consume twice as much oil as the country produces. The number of vehicles on the road and the number of miles they drive increases every year, but U.S. oil production capacity remains about the same. In 2008, nation (U.S) consumed about 213,810 gallons of gasoline daily—78 million barrels of oil in just one year. (A barrel is 42 U.S gallons.) The National Research Council projects that by 2050 they will consume about 1.5 billion gallons of gasoline a year, assuming that most of the vehicles on the road are highly efficient conventional, hybrid and flex fuel vehicles. If most of the vehicles are fuel cell and battery electric vehicles, gasoline consumption decreases by almost 70% to less than 50 million gallons a year—roughly half the current domestic oil production. 3 Current Issues with Conventional Vehicles 3.1 Fuel Capacity Fuel consumption and fossil fuels as a whole are again, diminishing is one of the reasons why hybrid vehicles and other power units are an opportunity cost. On top of this, the annual fuel cost is increasing for conventional cars, whether it is petrol or diesel. Due to the environment we live in, it is impossible to rely on the fossil fuel itself to increase Miles Per Gallon, instead the only option is to render the current technology of the vehicle. Nevertheless, there are myths out there which try to better than conventional car with the likes of driving economically or using premium petrol, but how real are these mythsWell according to Susan Winlaw, co-author of the book, Car Advice for Women (and Smart Men says, â€Å"Unless you have a job that requires regular sessions on a racetrack, there is no legitimate need to ever put premium fuel in your vehicle. Using regular gas could cost you a few horsepower when you’re driving at higher speeds, but chances are you won’t notice the difference, and it definitely won’t hurt your car. Your engine’s fuel-management system is perfectly prepared to handle lower-octane fuel† says Winlaw. (Source:http://moneywatch.bnet.com/economic-news/article/6-myths-about-gas-mileage/317188/). Well, this is down to personal experience and most importantly, trial and error, unless this is a fact, as the norm would be, most individuals would not want pay the higher price to observe savings, when fuel prices are costly in the first place. So how do we be more economicalDo we drive with our air conditioning off or do we drive the road speed limitIn my experience, I was never fond of speed cameras being put left, right and centre and the daring part of being on the lookout for those cars with the flashing lights. Though I have to say, driving according to the road speed limit actually increased my MPG from A to B, which thoroughly surprised me to say that I do favour speed cameras and speed limits. In relation to this, it has been stated in reality ‘fuel efficiency doesn’t really start to drop until you reach speeds higher than 60. And how smoothly you drive makes much more of a difference on petrol mileage than how fast.’ 3.2 Environmental Issues Another major factor of changing our system is environmental factors. Global warming is amongst one of the major factors, for example just burning a gallon of petrol when combined with oxygen; it produces almost 20 pounds of Carbon Dioxide CO2. The idea from moving to a more ‘green’ vehicle from a conventional can literally reduce the number of greenhouse gases emitted by SI units. There have also been ways for awareness, such as energy rating for vehicles. The useful part we want is movement. We measure the weight of the vehicle and determine how much energy is being delivered to accelerate or maintain movement of the vehicle against external resistance. Then we could compare this to the amount of energy being put into the system. Useful power out over power input will give you the efficiency. As a result, the higher the CO2 emissions, the higher rate of road tax you will pay on the vehicle. Below is a diagram illustrating the CO2 emissions chart: Figure 1 At the end of the day, scientists and engineers are attempting to overcome obstacles, taking cars from the laboratory to the showroom, so that the first affordable and realistic car powered by hydrogen and pollution-free is driven by a child born today for their future. The government has pledged $1.7 billion in the U.S. for hydrogen research and development over the next five years, securing funding, however the objective is to overcome the obstacles involved in making hydrogen a viable energy source. There is a high significance of environmental benefits of hydrogen, whether individuals believe it or not, as facts are facts, hydrogen can be pollution-free and infinitely renewable through wind, solar and hydropower sources. Either way, the importance is high, I mean, how long can we keep surviving on ‘non-renewable’ sources for? However, the phrase ‘nothing is free in this world’ is true, in my opinion and you can not blame critics, who argue that the fuel source does have its environmental drawbacks; as they say, nothing is perfect. According to the National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap, it said that it requires up to 90 percent of all hydrogen has been refined from non-renewable sources, oil, natural gas and other fossil fuels. Does this mean we’re back to square one or is this just a stepping stone? So we agree that the extraction of hydrogen from fossil fuels may not be environmentally friendly, though once the hydrogen is in a fuel cell car, only water vapour and heat will be expelled from the exhaust. But it is the burning of the fossil fuels, which are used obtain the hydrogen and this releases carbon dioxide, which is the primary cause of global warming. Even some scientists say that the hydrogen which has been extracted from fossil fuels creates an impact of the environment by releasing carbon dioxide in the air, which defeats the point of a clean-energy provider. On the other hand, were bridges built with a perfect structureOr were car engines primarily built efficientlyI think not, so my point is that we need to use current fossil fuels to perform trial and error, hence the term ‘hybrid’. But most importantly, this is all for the future and the main thing is that were making progressive now, whether it requires other sources of elements which contradict itself, though we just merely use it as a stepping stone. President Bush’s 2004 budget asks for more than $22 million for hydrogen research and development to be devoted to coal, nuclear power and natural gas, and $17 million for renewable sources. â€Å"Cutting RD for renewable sources and replacing them with fossil and nuclear doesn’t make for a sustainable approach,† said Jason Mark, director of the clean vehicles program for the Union of Concerned Scientists. A recent study warns of the danger of releasing hydrogen itself into the atmosphere. Los Alamos researcher Thom Rahn led a team of scientists from California universities and the National Centre for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. Their study of the natural cycle of atmospheric hydrogen was recently published in the British science journal Nature, and finds that substantially increased hydrogen production has the potential to damage the upper atmosphere. Escaped hydrogen could build up, depleting the ozone layer near the North and South poles and triggering an increase in global warming. The study also warns that hydrogen may further contribute to global warming by aiding other chemicals in producing increased amounts of water vapour in the upper atmosphere. â€Å"It is impossible to manufacture, store and transport hydrogen without at least some fractional loss (to the atmosphere),† Rahn said. Researchers from the California Institute of Technology estimate that leaked hydrogen in a hydrogen economy could cause as much as a 10 percent decrease in the stratospheric zone. If hydrogen replaces fossil fuels as the world’s main energy source, the researchers believe that each year 60 trillion to 120 trillion grams of hydrogen could be released into the atmosphere. This is four to eight times the amount that is currently released. The impact of increased hydrogen production depends on how well the earth adapts to the change. John Eiler, assistant professor of geochemistry at CalTech, said, â€Å"This man-made hydrogen will either be absorbed in the soil — a process that is still poorly understood but likely free of environmental consequences — or will react with other compounds in the atmosphere. Determining which of these two processes dominates should be a solvable problem.† Tracey Tromp, another CalTech researcher, contends that early recognition of problems will mitigate hydrogen fuel’s environmental flaws. â€Å"If hydrogen emissions present an environmental hazard, then recognizing that hazard now can help guide investments in technologies to favour designs that minimize leakage,† Tromp said. The CalTech researchers, like other scientists looking at the environmental impact of increased hydrogen production, believe that the sooner such problems are identified, the easier it will be to find solutions to make a hydrogen economy truly feasible. 4. Hybrid – Environmentally Friendly 4.1 Benefits of a hybrid compared to a conventional The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design: Relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine sized more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller engine can have less internal losses and lower weight. Having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic, which is represented by the city driving cycle. Recapturing significant amounts of energy, whilst braking that are normally wasted as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator. Other techniques that are not necessarily ‘hybrid’ features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include: shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during other idle periods; Improving aerodynamics; (part of the reason that SUVs get such bad fuel economy is the drag on the car. A box shaped car or truck has to exert more force to move through the air causing more stress on the engine making it work harder). Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve handling at the same time. Using low rolling resistance tyres were often made to give a quiet, smooth ride, high grip, etc., but efficiency was a lower priority). Tyres cause mechanical drag, once again making the engine work harder, consuming more fuel. Hybrid cars may use special tyres that are more inflated than regular tyres and stiffer or by choice of carcass structure and rubber compound have lower rolling resistance while retaining acceptable grip, and so improving fuel economy whatever the power source. Powering the A/C, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed; this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts. These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting and idling periods. In addition noise emissions are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicles. For continuous high speed highway use these features are much less useful in reducing emissions. 4.2Vehicle Emissions According to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), the recommended level for a typical passenger should equate to 5.5 metric tons of CO2. However, the three most popular hybrid vehicles have set a new standard by consistently reducing their emissions and surpassing the recommended levels. The vehicles are the Honda Civic, which produces 4.1 tons SI units, the Honda Insight at 3.5 tons SI units and last but not least, the Toyota Prius also being 3.5 tons SI units of CO2 emissions. 4.3 Buying a hybrid vehicle A hybrid car gets a much higher mileage, up to ten percent in some cases, and emits 97% less toxins into the environment than the average car. They are lighter and have a gentler impact on roads and soft terrain. With the price of gasoline soaring, a car that can run on both gas and electricity, depending on the circumstance, is a big advantage. Most people who decide to buy a hybrid car, however, cite a â€Å"feel-good factor† as their main reason for buying the car. It is their small way to contribute to a greener world. Despite all the benefits cited above, a hybrid car also has some downsides. For starters, they are expensive. A hybrid car tends to be more on average of ?3000, which is sometimes more expensive than a traditional car. They cost more to register, and repair costs tend to be hefty, as the entire car systems are intrinsically connected, and only expert mechanics can handle repairs. Parts may not be readily available, which could mean being without a car for a longer period as you is waiting for it to be repaired. 5. Planning Schedule Gantt chart: Conclusion: The information gathered can be elaborated excessively, though I will quantify the relevant information where necessary. This preliminary report demonstrates how much of a positive impact hybrid vehicles have and how fuel efficiency in various sectors, such as fossil fuels and global warming can be significantly reduced. As for hybrid vehicles themselves, it illustrates their efficiency in major development, for years to come. They have proven to be more effective than conventional vehicles and although they may be more expensive now, the long term effects are more beneficial. References: http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4969688_hybrid-vehicles-function.html#ixzz17erGrIGx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#Predecessors_of_current_technology http://news.carjunky.com/alternative_fuel_vehicles/how-hybrid-cars-work-ab410.shtml http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/environmental-impact-information-tips-and-incentives-on-becoming-a-green-car-driver/#impact http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle#Fuel_consumption_and_emissions_reductions http://www.wisegeek.com/should-i-buy-a-hybrid-car.htm How to cite Comparison of hybrid vehicles with other types of power units, Essay examples

Realism in Heart of Darkness free essay sample

You must make reference to at least one definition of literary terms (for instance, Baldick’s definition in the course reader. ) Joseph Conrad’s ‘Heart Of Darkness’ bases itself around the theme of the hypocrisy of Imperialism and thus how this relates around the story of the main character, Charlie Marlow (Marlow). Marlow himself is thrust into a world that turns his previous beliefs of what is considered ‘civilised’ on its head. Is this itself a problem of realism in the novel? Quite possibly, the novel takes us far away from the drab European cities Marlow would usually situate himself in and transports us to the Congo and its surrounding areas. Realism is described as: ‘A mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or ‘reflecting’ faithfully an actual way of life. [†¦] [A]s a dominant literary trend it is associated chiefly with the 19th-century novel of middle- or lower-class life, in which the problems of ordinary people in unremarkable circumstances are rendered with close attention to the details of social setting and to the complexities of social life. We will write a custom essay sample on Realism in Heart of Darkness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Chris Baldick, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms (Oxford: OUP, 2001)) It provides us with a real insight into what the ideals of Imperialism contradict and therefore how this affects Marlow. The seemingly opposite character of Marlow is presented as Kurtz, or rather ‘Mr. Kurtz’. Never given a first name purposely by Conrad, possibly to mock the status he demands amongst the native tribes people, eventually leading to one saying, ‘Mistah Kurtz, he dead’ when Kurtz eventually meets his end. Edward Garnett provides an interesting quote in his response to the novel that appears to mirror the deterioration of Kurtz himself; ‘the acutest analysis of the deterioration of the white man’s morale, when he is let loose from European restraint, and planted down as an ‘emissary of light’ armed to the teeth, to make trade profits out of the subject races’. This being that if Kurtz had remained in Europe, restrained by its religious and governed ideals he would not have ‘deteriorated’ to such a state, whereas he leaves and almost becomes a figurehead of a religion in himself (represented in part by the worship of Ivory). Conrad himself uses Marlow and his character to utilize his own thoughts and perceptions of the people in the Congo. Marlow can be seen as the personification of a voice of reason whereas Kurtz is one of destruction and evil, only out to gain recognition for himself as he collects as much ivory as the other traders put together. It’s therefore ironic that the natives eventually worship Kurtz as a God, this therefore also presents the reader with a twisted view of realism in the novel; how can a character labelled as a sort of Devil be worshipped? I doubt too, that it is Conrad through Marlow mocking the ideals of the natives as he provides quotes to contradict this throughout the novel that show respect for what he calls the ‘cannibals’. ‘You know I hate, detest, and can’t bear a lie, not because I am straighter than the rest of us, but simply because it appals me. There is a taint of death, a flavour of mortality in lies – which is exactly what I hate and detest in the world – what I want to forget. It makes me miserable and sick like biting something rotten would do. Temperament, I suppose. Marlow says this in the novel itself, and thus to consider the issue of realism we must consider the story itself and how it is told. Marlow himself is not the primary narrator, he provides dialogue that is the makeup of most of the story but the narrator himself is never named and for that matter rarely tells the reader much. It is told as a recollection of his memories in the Congo but the actual presentation of Marlow as a story teller makes us question his reliability. He is almost presented as an ‘Eastern’ story teller of a very ‘Western’ story; framed around the ideals of Imperialism that draw him to the Congo in the first place. I say ‘Eastern’ because of how he is repeatedly described as a ‘Buddha’ at one point as one in ‘European clothes’ and another in a Buddha like stance with his palm facing outwards. This suggests a very different idea to the Imperialists around him; rather that Marlow is a peaceful figure. However, from a pro-colonialist perspective this makes his telling of the story untrustworthy. Marlow is presented as alien to the Eastern others he is thrown beside; it’s true to say that he appears to more enjoy the company of the ‘Cannibals’. This pro-colonialist attitude of the times that the characters should supposedly follow suggests and highlights a religious undertone of the whole novel further distorting the ‘realism’ presented in the novel. This issue of religion is something I shall return to later in the essay. The issue of realism can also relate towards reality itself. In the novel one of the main themes is that of reality versus dark or rather the ‘Darkness’. This problematizes reality for the reader as the conflict existing throughout the novel distorts realism. This in turn leads to the idea of restraint, the Western morals of containing our inner desires provoking a subject of realism but also that of whether it is necessary as Marlow ponders whilst he encounters the native peoples. Reality itself in the novel is therefore defined as that which is civilised and therefore of the norm to the Colonialists, which in turn refers to the normality of their ‘civilised’ societies who exert restraint as a religious device in modernity. The citizens from more modern countries who employ governments are expected to practice religious restraint and this desire becomes a sin. The repeated uses of opposition in the novel show the conflicting ideas. The ideas of the modern world conflict with the ‘Cannibals’ with their imposture of clothing to cover sex organs, the restraint from gluttony and the major reliance on mechanical devices such as the clock. It’s ironic that the vessel that transports the story is a steam boat, an ultimately modern design thrust into a world of ‘Darkness’. Reality therefore for Marlow is progress and efficiency. He says: ‘You wonder I didn’t go ashore for a howl and a dance? Well, no- I didn’t†¦ I had no time. I had to mess about with white-lead and strips of woollen blanket helping to put bandages on those leaky steam-pipes. ’ Marlow elicits curiosity at these natives antics and this could possibly be a method by Conrad to suggest that far from being ‘hostiles’ the natives are just producing natural primitive human behaviour and even though it is frowned upon by the Western world it is present in every man, even Marlow. It differs however in the way that religion and modern technology and morals entrap Marlow to hide such primitive thoughts (something echoed in other novels such as Bram Stoker’s Dracula). It thus makes us question who really is the slave, is it the natives enslaved to live a jungle life supposedly ‘trapped’ in the jungle and ready to be ruled by the West or is it in fact the Colonists themselves, slaves to the Imperialist machine that traps their true tendencies? As Marlow states about the ‘Cannibals’: ‘Restraint! What possible restraint? Was it superstition, disgust, patience, fear or some kind of primitive honor? No fear can stand up to hunger, no patience can wear it out. ’ This view of the ‘Cannibals’ suggests a very Westernised one, it’s therefore interesting to see how his views change later on. Yet in either way this metaphorical use of slavery distorts the idea of realism in the novel further, we thus question what Marlow really thinks, whether he truly believes in the current European methods of slavery or is he just another tool in the drive to make profit? Another contrast that problematizes realism in the novel is that between Marlow and Kurtz themselves. As I have already briefly touched upon, the two are posed as if to be on opposite sides of a far more meaningful battle than that which runs throughout the novel itself. It’s the restraint that Marlow shows that makes him appear so different to Kurtz who does not. Kurtz, possibly influenced by his time in the Congo has no actuality in his life at all. ‘But his soul was mad. Being alone in the wilderness, it had looked within itself and, by heavens I tell you, it had gone mad. ’ Marlow reflects upon Kurtz, the quote speaks volumes for Kurtz. He appears to do as he wants, even the trade companies do not control him, The Harlequin tells Marlow that you don’t talk to Kurtz you just ‘listen to him’. Marlow thus becomes a representative of the civilized world at its limit, coursing through the very ‘Heart of Darkness’ entrapped by the forest that surrounds him. It is him being away from civilization for so long that has apparently caused Kurtz to swap restraint for lust and his gratification of it. It is therefore ironic that the natives chose to worship this image of Kurtz as more of a savage than they themselves appear, in his report for the’ International Society for the Suppression of Savage customs’ he proposes that rather than instead of some sort of ‘civilized’ diplomacy existing between the Colonialists and the natives, to Exterminate all the brutes! . This release of any primitive tendencies ironically makes Kurtz the savage himself. It is not the ‘Cannibals’ that cause any harm to the ship and yet he wishes to exterminate their kind after it is the Colonialists that have invaded their lands. ‘The flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and pitiless folly’ is what Marlow describes the Colonists as in the end, thus placing Kurtz at the top of this, as himself a corrupted, evil, devil-like figurehead of Colonialism. This religious imagery leads me onto my next point. It is this ever present battle of religious metaphoric ideas throughout the novel that also makes the idea of realism seem harder to grasp for a reader. This places greater emphasis on the irony imposed by Conrad through Marlow’s opinions and views of what happens during his journey. Religion shrouds the realism in this novel. The repeated use of the devil and suggestions of evil suggests the hypocrisy of the West imposing Colonialism when they apparently bring ‘God’ with their deeply religious ideals of the time. The ‘Devil’ therefore is foolish in its destruction and unaware of what it is doing, or apparently so. Marlow being suggested as a ‘Buddha’ figure allows Conrad to distance him from the colonialist others he travels with. The peaceful nature of Buddha and Buddhism suggests what the West is trying to impose with its civilization and yet this religious figure is of Eastern origin. Thus contracting this, once again showing irony that Conrad clearly wishes to be noticed; making us pose the question is the West therefore as civilized as it claims to be? The Imperialism suggests it’s not, for example the instance where they blindly fire cannons into the forest. It’s also ironic that Marlow is described as an idol something contradictory to Christianity, the religion of the colonialists. Idols were seen as blasphemous such as in the story of when Moses travelled to get the Ten Commandments and the people created idols to worship whilst he was gone, throwing them into chaos. This could be a suggestion that Marlow is the chaos amongst the Colonialists as he seems to be the only one to question what is happening and doubt it allowing the reader to question further whether his supposed opposition of the Colonialists is actually negative. Religion is drawn upon by Marlow too, ‘They wandered here and there with their absurd long staves in their hands, like a lot of faithless pilgrims bewitched inside a rotten fence. The word â€Å"ivory† rang out in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it. ’ Marlow mentions it twice in the passage about the pilgrims. ‘Faithless’ is what he describes them as and yet they also ‘pray to the ivory’. The contradiction of a religious nature creates a paradox in itself and causes the realism and reality to be questioned further; drawing further upon the idea of false dols as they worship the ivory itself. The use of religion here almost contradicts itself causing another paradox in the novel. Is religion of that much importance to Conrad for him to draw upon two contradictory statements about both Marlow and now the Pilgrims? Or could it simply reflect the confused and torn nature of Marlow’s thoughts at the time? It is true that in any case it distorts the idea of realism to the greatest effect; religion was supposedly a key factor of life in the time the novel was set in and questioning this, questions the very reality of the situation. It is therefore the very irony running throughout the novel used by Conrad that makes realism problematized. â€Å"It was unearthly, and the men were—No, they were not inhuman. Well, you know, that was the worst of it—the suspicion of their not being inhuman. It would come slowly to one. They howled and leaped, and spun, and made horrid faces; but what thrilled you was just the thought of their humanity—like yours—the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was ugly enough; but if you were man enough you would admit to yourself that there was in you just the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise, a dim suspicion of there being a meaning in it which you—you so remote from the night of first ages—could comprehend. And why not? † It is the very contradictions that make realism so hard to grasp in the novel even in the above quote Marlow cannot seem to grasp a true idea about the natives. He has been taught otherwise to what he witnesses. It is the use of appearance, thus, that Conrad chooses to show that they can be deceptive throughout the novel. The white pilgrims are described as far worse than the black native ‘Cannibals’ as Marlow eventually says, ‘Fine fellows – cannibals – in their place. They were men one could work with and I am grateful to them. ’ He offers not even close to such thanks towards any of the colonialists and appears to visit Kurtz’s mistress just out of respect and yet he lies to her. This in itself may show where his loyalties lie, he owes nothing to the Mistress and yet he chooses to make her hear what she wants to. The reflection of reality is that Marlow has found something that should not have been found, a supposed ‘kinship’ with these men that should have been ‘exterminated’ because they are savages and yet the only true savage actions come from the Colonialists, driven by greed and by what Conrad suggests is evil. It’s therefore ironic that Marlow tells of what is necessary for survival and yet he continues to wear clothes when he makes the accusation that the natives ‘petty rags’ would come off ‘at the first shake’. It is clear to see the restraint that Marlow has embedded into him by the nature of his morals and what his society has thrust upon him, of course he will continue to be Westernized when he leaves the Congo whether he doubts the colonists intentions or not. Yet it is the fact he doubts it that sets him apart rather than him indulging in ‘the Horror’. Bibliography Edward Garnett’s review from Academy and Literature (6th December 1902: 606-pp. 307-8) Heart of Darkness (Norton Edition)